visual3d:documentation:modeling:segments:other_foot_models
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- | ====== | + | ====== |
- | references for other multi-segment | + | This page contains brief overviews of several |
- | |**bishop c, paul g, thewlis d. (2012)** " | + | ===== Multi-Segment Foot Models Reviews ===== |
- | |// | + | |
- | |multiple marker sets and models are currently available for assessing foot and ankle kinematics in gait. despite the presence of such a wide variety of models, the reporting of methodological designs remains inconsistent and lacks clearly defined standards. this review highlights the variability found when reporting biomechanical model parameters, methodological design, and model reliability. further, the review clearly demonstrates the need for a consensus of what methodological considerations to report in manuscripts, | + | |
- | \\ | + | |**Bishop C, Paul G, Thewlis D. (2012)** " |
+ | |// | ||
+ | |Multiple marker sets and models are currently available for assessing foot and ankle kinematics in gait. Despite the presence of such a wide variety of models, the reporting of methodological designs remains inconsistent and lacks clearly defined standards. This review highlights the variability found when reporting biomechanical model parameters, methodological design, and model reliability. Further, the review clearly demonstrates the need for a consensus of what methodological considerations to report in manuscripts, | ||
- | |**rankine l1, long j, canseco k, harris gf. (2008)** "multisegmental | + | |**Rankine L1, Long J, Canseco K, Harris GF. (2008)** "Multisegmental |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |over the past two decades, a number of multisegmental foot models have been developed in order to characterize foot kinematics. | + | |Over the past two decades, a number of multisegmental foot models have been developed in order to characterize foot kinematics. |
- | ====== oxford foot model ====== | + | ===== Oxford Foot Model ===== |
- | |**stebbins j, harrington m, thompson n, zavatsky a, theologis t. (2006)** "repeatability | + | |**Stebbins J, Harrington M, Thompson N, Zavatsky A, Theologis T. (2006)** "Repeatability |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |this study used a previously tested foot model and adapted it for use with children. | + | |This study used a previously tested foot model and adapted it for use with children. |
- | |**stebbins j, harrington m, thompson n, zavatsky a, theologis t.(2010)** "gait compensations caused by foot deformity in cerebral palsy." | + | |**Stebbins J, Harrington M, Thompson N, Zavatsky A, Theologis T.(2010)** "Gait compensations caused by foot deformity in cerebral palsy." |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |cerebral | + | |Cerebral |
- | |**curtis dj, bencke j, stebbins ja, stansfield b.(2009)** "intra-rater repeatability of the oxford | + | |**Curtis DJ, Bencke J, Stebbins JA, Stansfield B.(2009)** "Intra-rater repeatability of the Oxford |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |background:\\ \\ the repeatability of the oxford | + | |BACKGROUND:\\ \\ The repeatability of the Oxford |
- | |**carson mc, harrington me, thompson n, o'connor jj, theologis tn.(2001)** "kinematic | + | |**Carson MC, Harrington ME, Thompson N, O'Connor JJ, Theologis TN.(2001)** "Kinematic |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |an unbiased understanding of foot kinematics has been difficult to achieve due to the complexity of foot structure and motion. | + | |An unbiased understanding of foot kinematics has been difficult to achieve due to the complexity of foot structure and motion. |
- | |**theologis tn, harrington me, thompson n, benson mk.(2003)** "dynamic | + | |**Theologis TN, Harrington ME, Thompson N, Benson MK.(2003)** "Dynamic |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |the aim of this study was to define objectively gait function in children with treated congenital talipes equinovarus (ctev) and a good clinical result. | + | |The aim of this study was to define objectively gait function in children with treated congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) and a good clinical result. |
- | |**van | + | |**van |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |introduction:\\ \\ kinematic | + | |INTRODUCTION:\\ \\ Kinematic |
- | ====== milwaukee foot model ====== | + | ===== Milwaukee Foot Model ===== |
- | |**canseco k, long j, smedberg t, tarima s, marks rm, harris gf.(2012)** "multisegmental | + | |**Canseco K, Long J, Smedberg T, Tarima S, Marks RM, Harris GF.(2012)** "Multisegmental |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |background:\\ \\ gait changes in patients with hallux valgus, including altered kinematic and temporal-spatial parameters, have been documented in the literature. | + | |BACKGROUND:\\ \\ Gait changes in patients with hallux valgus, including altered kinematic and temporal-spatial parameters, have been documented in the literature. |
- | \\ | ||
+ | |**Canseco K, Rankine L, Long J, Smedberg T, Marks RM, Harris GF.(2010)** " | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |BACKGROUND: | ||
- | |**canseco k, rankine l, long j, smedberg t, marks rm, harris gf.(2010)** "motion | + | |**Long JT, Eastwood DC, Graf AR, Smith PA, Harris GF.(2010)** "Repeatability and sources |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |background: | + | |Multi-site application of biomechanical models can be a powerful tool as quantitative methods are employed to improve clinical care and to assess larger populations for research purposes. However, the use of such models depends on adequate validation |
- | \\ | + | |**Long JT, Wang M, Winters JM, Harris GF.(2008)** "A multisegmental foot model with bone-based referencing: |
+ | |// | ||
+ | |We present a new kinematic model measuring the three-dimensional orientation of multiple segments of the foot and ankle. The model defines neutral alignments based on the alignments of the underlying bony segments, and indexes the orientation of skin-mounted markers to the bony anatomy using measures from weightbearing x-rays. The sensitivity of the model to these radiographic input parameters was analyzed using data from walking trials. Kinematic output in each plane was found to be most sensitive to perturbations of radiographic measurements in that same plane; however, perturbations in the coronal and transverse planes demonstrated significant carry-over into other planes. The analysis highlights the importance of accurately accounting for the underlying anatomy in measuring intersegmental kinematics.| | ||
+ | |**Canseco K, Long J, Marks R, Khazzam M, Harris G.(2009)** " | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in temporal-spatial parameters and multisegmental foot/ankle kinematics in a group of patients with hallux rigidus following cheilectomy. Three-dimensional motion analysis was conducted using a 15-camera Vicon Motion Analysis System on a population of 19 patients who underwent cheilectomy for hallux rigidus. Data were analyzed using the four-segment Milwaukee Foot Model. Preoperative and postoperative tests were compared using paired parametric methods. Results showed significant improvements in walking speed, cadence, stride length, and stance/ | ||
- | |**long jt, eastwood dc, graf ar, smith pa, harris gf.(2010)** "repeatability and sources | + | |**Marks RM, Long JT, Ness ME, Khazzam M, Harris GF.(2009)** "Surgical reconstruction |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |multi-site application of biomechanical models can be a powerful tool as quantitative | + | |Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) may require surgical intervention when nonoperative measures fail. Different |
- | \\ | + | |**Canseco K, Long J, Marks R, Khazzam M, Harris G.(2008)** " |
+ | |// | ||
+ | |The purpose of this study was to provide a quantitative analysis of the changes that occur in the foot and ankle during the gait of patients with hallux rigidus. Using a 15-camera Vicon Motion Analysis System, gait analysis was conducted on a population of 22 patients with hallux rigidus and compared to that of 25 healthy ambulators. Weight-bearing radiographs were measured to index marker positions to underlying bony anatomy. The Milwaukee Foot Model was used to perform three-dimensional analysis of dynamic foot and ankle motion, and temporal-spatial parameters were also calculated. Values were compared to controls using unpaired parametric methods (Student t-test, p < 0.002). The hallux rigidus population showed significant alterations in gait patterns as compared to controls in various planes in all segments (hallux, forefoot, hindfoot, and tibia) of the foot and ankle, particularly in the range of motion of the hallux and the forefoot. Prolonged stance phase was also observed. As reports regarding the quantitative study of the multisegment foot and ankle are limited, this study was useful in providing characterization of gait patterns in patients with hallux rigidus.| | ||
- | |**long jt, wang m, winters jm, harris gf.(2008)** "a multisegmental foot model with bone-based referencing: | ||
- | |// | ||
- | |we present a new kinematic model measuring the three-dimensional orientation of multiple segments of the foot and ankle. the model defines neutral alignments based on the alignments of the underlying bony segments, and indexes the orientation of skin-mounted markers to the bony anatomy using measures from weightbearing x-rays. the sensitivity of the model to these radiographic input parameters was analyzed using data from walking trials. kinematic output in each plane was found to be most sensitive to perturbations of radiographic measurements in that same plane; however, perturbations in the coronal and transverse planes demonstrated significant carry-over into other planes. the analysis highlights the importance of accurately accounting for the underlying anatomy in measuring intersegmental kinematics.| | ||
- | \\ | + | |**Ness ME, Long J, Marks R, Harris G.(2008)** "Foot and ankle kinematics in patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction." |
+ | |// | ||
+ | |The purpose of this study is to provide a quantitative characterization of gait in patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD), including temporal-spatial and kinematic parameters, and to compare these results to those of a Normal population. Our hypothesis was that segmental foot kinematics were significantly different in multiple segments across multiple planes. A 15 camera motion analysis system and weight-bearing radiographs were employed to evaluate 3D foot and ankle motion in a population of 34 patients with PTTD (30 females, 4 males) and 25 normal subjects (12 females, 13 males). The four-segment Milwaukee Foot Model (MFM) with radiographic indexing was used to analyze foot and ankle motion and provided kinematic data in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes as well as temporal-spatial information. The temporal-spatial parameters revealed statistically significant deviations in all four metrics for the PTTD population. Stride length, cadence and walking speed were all significantly diminished, while stance duration was significantly prolonged (p< | ||
+ | |**Khazzam M, Long JT, Marks RM, Harris GF.(2007)** " | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |Minimal published data exist characterizing the effect of rheumatoid arthritis of the forefoot (RA) on multi-segmental gait kinematics. The purpose of this study was to examine specific changes in segmental foot motion in patients with RA as compared to persons without foot/ankle pathology. This was a cross-sectional, | ||
- | |**canseco k, long j, marks r, khazzam m, harris g.(2009)** "quantitative motion analysis in patients with hallux rigidus before | + | |**Myers KA, Wang M, Marks RM, Harris GF.(2004)** "KValidation of a multisegment foot and ankle kinematic model for pediatric gait." |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |the purpose of this study was to quantify changes in temporal-spatial parameters | + | |This paper reports |
- | \\ | ||
+ | |**Kidder SM, Abuzzahab FS Jr, Harris GF, Johnson JE.(1996)** "A system for the analysis of foot and ankle kinematics during gait." | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |A five-camera Vicon (Oxford Metrics, Oxford, England) motion analysis system was used to acquire foot and ankle motion data. Static resolution and accuracy were computed as 0.86 +/- 0.13 mm and 98.9%, while dynamic resolution and accuracy were 0.1 +/- 0.89 and 99.4% (sagittal plane). Spectral analysis revealed high frequency noise and the need for a filter (6 Hz Butterworth low-pass) as used in similar clinical situations. A four-segment rigid body model of the foot and ankle was developed. The four rigid body foot model segments were 1) tibia and fibula, 2) calcaneus, talus, and navicular, 3) cuneiforms, cuboid, and metatarsals, | ||
- | |**marks rm, long jt, ness me, khazzam m, harris gf.(2009)** " | + | ===== Other Multi-Segment Foot Models ===== |
- | |// | + | |
- | |posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (pttd) may require surgical intervention when nonoperative measures fail. different methods of bony reconstruction may supplement tendon substitution. this study compares two types of bony procedures used to reinforce reconstruction of the posterior tibial tendon-the lateral column lengthening (lcl), and the medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy (mdco). twenty patients with pttd were evaluated before and after scheduled reconstruction comprised of either flexor digitorum longus (fdl) substitution combined with mdco (mdco group, 14 patients) or fdl substitution with lcl fusion or osteotomy (lcl group, 6 patients). foot/ankle kinematics and temporal-spatial parameters were analyzed using the milwaukee foot model, and results were compared to a previously evaluated normal population of 25 patients. post-operatively, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | \\ | + | |
- | |**canseco k, long j, marks r, khazzam m, harris g.(2008)** "quantitative characterization | + | |**Woodburn J, Nelson KM, Siegel KL, Kepple TM, Gerber LH.(2004)** "Multisegment foot motion during gait: proof of concept |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |the purpose of this study was to provide | + | |OBJECTIVE: To test a multisegment foot model for kinematic |
\\ | \\ | ||
- | |**ness me, long j, marks r, harris g.(2008)** " | + | |**Saraswat P, MacWilliams BA, Davis RB.(2012)** "A multi-segment |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |the purpose | + | |Several multi-segment foot models to measure |
- | \\ | ||
+ | |**Jenkyn TR, Anas K, Nichol A.(2009)** "Foot segment kinematics during normal walking using a multisegment model of the foot and ankle complex." | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |Gait analysis using optical tracking equipment has been demonstrated to be a clinically useful tool for measuring three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of the human body. However, in current practice, the foot is treated as a single rigid segment that articulates with the lower leg, meaning the motions of the joints of the foot cannot be measured. A multisegment kinematic model of the foot was developed for use in a gait analysis laboratory. The foot was divided into hindfoot, talus, midfoot, and medial and lateral forefoot segments. Six functional joints were defined: Ankle and subtalar joints, frontal and transverse plane motions of the hindfoot relative to midfoot, supination-pronation twist of the forefoot relative to midfoot, and medial longitudinal arch height-to-length ratio. Twelve asymptomatic subjects were tested during barefoot walking with a six-camera optical stereometric system and passive markers organized in triads. Repeatability of reported motions was tested using coefficients of multiple correlation. Ankle and subtalar joint motions and twisting of the forefoot were most repeatable. Hindfoot motions were least repeatable both within subjects and between subjects. Hindfoot and forefoot pronations in the frontal place were found to coincide with dropping of the medial longitudinal arch between early to midstance, followed by supination and rising of the arch in late stance and swing phase. This multisegment foot model overcomes a major shortcoming in current gait analysis practice-the inability to measure motion within the foot. Such measurements are crucial if gait analysis is to remain relevant in orthopaedic and rehabilitative treatment of the foot and ankle.| | ||
- | |**khazzam m, long jt, marks rm, harris gf.(2007)** " | ||
- | |// | ||
- | |minimal published data exist characterizing the effect of rheumatoid arthritis of the forefoot (ra) on multi-segmental gait kinematics. the purpose of this study was to examine specific changes in segmental foot motion in patients with ra as compared to persons without foot/ankle pathology. this was a cross-sectional, | ||
- | \\ | + | |**Jenkyn TR, Nicol AC.(2007)** "A multi-segment kinematic model of the foot with a novel definition of forefoot motion for use in clinical gait analysis during walking." |
+ | |// | ||
+ | |A multi-segment kinematic model of the foot was developed for use in a gait analysis laboratory. The foot was divided into hindfoot, talus, midfoot and medial and lateral forefoot segments. Six functional joints were defined: ankle and subtalar joints, frontal and transverse plane motions of the hindfoot relative to midfoot, supination/ | ||
- | |**myers ka, wang m, marks rm, harris gf.(2004)** " | + | |**J. Wilken, S Rao, C Saltzman, HJ Yack** "The effect of arch height on kinematic coupling during walking." |
- | |// | + | |2011 - //Clinical Biomechanics |
- | |this paper reports the development, accuracy, reliability, and validation protocol of a four-segment pediatric foot and ankle model. the four rigid body segments include: 1) tibia and fibula; 2) hindfoot--talus, | + | |The purpose of the current study was to assess kinematic coupling within the foot in individuals across a range of arch heights. |
- | + | |[PMID: Reference] | | |
- | \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | |**kidder sm, abuzzahab fs jr, harris gf, johnson je.(1996)** "a system for the analysis of foot and ankle kinematics during gait." | + | |
- | |// | + | |
- | |a five-camera vicon (oxford metrics, oxford, england) motion analysis system was used to acquire foot and ankle motion data. static resolution and accuracy were computed as 0.86 +/- 0.13 mm and 98.9%, while dynamic resolution and accuracy were 0.1 +/- 0.89 and 99.4% (sagittal plane). spectral analysis revealed high frequency noise and the need for a filter (6 hz butterworth low-pass) as used in similar clinical situations. a four-segment rigid body model of the foot and ankle was developed. the four rigid body foot model segments were 1) tibia and fibula, 2) calcaneus, talus, and navicular, 3) cuneiforms, cuboid, and metatarsals, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ====== other multi-segment foot models ====== | + | |
- | + | ||
- | |**woodburn j, nelson km, siegel kl, kepple tm, gerber lh.(2004)** " | + | |
- | |// | + | |
- | |objective: to test a multisegment foot model for kinematic analysis during barefoot walking in patients with well established rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and foot impairments.\\ \\ methods: five healthy adult subjects and 11 ra patients with advanced disease were studied. foot impairments were assessed using standardized outcomes and clinical examination techniques. a 6-camera 60 hz video-based motion analysis system was used to measure motion of the shank, rearfoot, forefoot, and hallux segments and the vertical displacement of the navicular. face validity and estimates of repeatability were determined. motion patterns were calculated and comparisons were made between healthy subjects and patients with ra. relationships between clinical impairment and abnormal motion were determined through inspection of individual ra cases.\\ \\ results: across the motion variables, the within-day and between-day coefficient of multiple correlation values ranged from 0.677 to 0.982 for the healthy subjects and 0.830 to 0.981 for ra patients. based on previous studies, motion parameters for the healthy subjects showed excellent face validity. in ra patients, there was reduced range of motion across all segments and all planes of motion, which was consistent with joint stiffness. in the ra patients, rearfoot motion was shifted towards eversion and external rotation and peak values for these variables were increased, on average, by 7 degrees and 11 degrees, respectively. forefoot range of motion was reduced in all 3 planes (between 31% and 53%), but the maximum and minimum angles were comparable to normal. the navicular height, during full foot contact, was on average 3 mm lower in the ra patients in comparison to normal. the hallux was less extended in the ra subjects in comparison to normal (21 degrees vs 33 degrees) during the terminal stance phase. individual cases showed abnormal patterns of motion consistent with their clinical impairments, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | |**saraswat p, macwilliams ba, davis rb.(2012)** "a multi-segment foot model based on anatomically registered technical coordinate systems: method repeatability in pediatric feet." | + | |
- | |// | + | |
- | |several multi-segment foot models to measure the motion of intrinsic joints of the foot have been reported. use of these models in clinical decision making is limited due to lack of rigorous validation including inter-clinician, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | |**jenkyn tr, anas k, nichol a.(2009)** "foot segment kinematics during normal walking using a multisegment model of the foot and ankle complex." | + | |
- | |// | + | |
- | |gait analysis using optical tracking equipment has been demonstrated to be a clinically useful tool for measuring three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of the human body. however, in current practice, the foot is treated as a single rigid segment that articulates with the lower leg, meaning the motions of the joints of the foot cannot be measured. a multisegment kinematic model of the foot was developed for use in a gait analysis laboratory. the foot was divided into hindfoot, talus, midfoot, and medial and lateral forefoot segments. six functional joints were defined: ankle and subtalar joints, frontal and transverse plane motions of the hindfoot relative to midfoot, supination-pronation twist of the forefoot relative to midfoot, and medial longitudinal arch height-to-length ratio. twelve asymptomatic subjects were tested during barefoot walking with a six-camera optical stereometric system and passive markers organized in triads. repeatability of reported motions was tested using coefficients of multiple correlation. ankle and subtalar joint motions and twisting of the forefoot were most repeatable. hindfoot motions were least repeatable both within subjects and between subjects. hindfoot and forefoot pronations in the frontal place were found to coincide with dropping of the medial longitudinal arch between early to midstance, followed by supination and rising of the arch in late stance and swing phase. this multisegment foot model overcomes a major shortcoming in current gait analysis practice-the inability to measure motion within the foot. such measurements are crucial if gait analysis is to remain relevant in orthopaedic and rehabilitative treatment of the foot and ankle.| | + | |
- | + | ||
- | \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | |**jenkyn tr, nicol ac.(2007)** "a multi-segment kinematic model of the foot with a novel definition of forefoot motion for use in clinical gait analysis during walking." | + | |
- | |// | + | |
- | |a multi-segment kinematic model of the foot was developed for use in a gait analysis laboratory. the foot was divided into hindfoot, talus, midfoot and medial and lateral forefoot segments. six functional joints were defined: ankle and subtalar joints, frontal and transverse plane motions of the hindfoot relative to midfoot, supination/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | |**j. wilken, s rao, c saltzman, hj yack** "the effect of arch height on kinematic coupling during walking." | + | |
- | |2011 - //clinical biomechanics | + | |
- | |the purpose of the current study was to assess kinematic coupling within the foot in individuals across a range of arch heights. | + | |
- | |[pmid: reference] | | + | |
|\\ ---- | | |\\ ---- | | ||
- | ====== multi-segment foot kinetics | + | ===== Multi-Segment Foot Kinetics |
- | + | ||
- | |**bruening da, cooney km, buczek fl.(2012)** " | + | |
- | |// | + | |
- | |kinematic multi-segment foot models are still evolving, but have seen increased use in clinical and research settings. the addition of kinetics may increase knowledge of foot and ankle function as well as influence multi-segment foot model evolution; however, previous kinetic models are too complex for clinical use. in this study we present a three-segment kinetic foot model and thorough evaluation of model performance during normal gait. in this first of two companion papers, model reference frames and joint centers are analyzed for repeatability, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | \\ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | |**bruening da, cooney km, buczek fl.(2012)** " | + | |
- | |// | + | |
- | |kinematic multi-segment foot models have seen increased use in clinical and research settings, but the addition of kinetics has been limited and hampered by measurement limitations and modeling assumptions. in this second of two companion papers, we complete the presentation and analysis of a three segment kinetic foot model by incorporating kinetic parameters and calculating joint moments and powers. the model was tested on 17 pediatric subjects (ages 7-18 years) during normal gait. ground reaction forces were measured using two adjacent force platforms, requiring targeted walking and the creation of two sub-models to analyze ankle, midtarsal, and 1st metatarsophalangeal joints. targeted walking resulted in only minimal kinematic and kinetic differences compared with walking at self selected speeds. joint moments and powers were calculated and ensemble averages are presented as a normative database for comparison purposes. ankle joint powers are shown to be overestimated when using a traditional single-segment foot model, as substantial angular velocities are attributed to the mid-tarsal joint. power transfer is apparent between the 1st metatarsophalangeal and mid-tarsal joints in terminal stance/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | \\ | + | |
- | |**dixon pc, böhm h, döderlein l.(2012)** "ankle and midfoot kinetics during normal gait: a multi-segment | + | |**Bruening DA, Cooney KM, Buczek FL.(2012)** "Analysis of a kinetic |
- | |//[[[http:// | + | |// |
- | |multi-segment foot models are increasingly being used to evaluate intra and inter-segment foot kinematics such as the motion between the hindfoot/ | + | |Kinematic |
+ | |**Bruening DA, Cooney KM, Buczek FL.(2012)** " | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |Kinematic multi-segment foot models have seen increased use in clinical and research settings, but the addition of kinetics has been limited and hampered by measurement limitations and modeling assumptions. In this second of two companion papers, we complete the presentation and analysis of a three segment kinetic foot model by incorporating kinetic parameters and calculating joint moments and powers. The model was tested on 17 pediatric subjects (ages 7-18 years) during normal gait. Ground reaction forces were measured using two adjacent force platforms, requiring targeted walking and the creation of two sub-models to analyze ankle, midtarsal, and 1st metatarsophalangeal joints. Targeted walking resulted in only minimal kinematic and kinetic differences compared with walking at self selected speeds. Joint moments and powers were calculated and ensemble averages are presented as a normative database for comparison purposes. Ankle joint powers are shown to be overestimated when using a traditional single-segment foot model, as substantial angular velocities are attributed to the mid-tarsal joint. Power transfer is apparent between the 1st metatarsophalangeal and mid-tarsal joints in terminal stance/ | ||
+ | |**Dixon PC, Böhm H, Döderlein L.(2012)** "Ankle and midfoot kinetics during normal gait: a multi-segment approach." | ||
+ | |// | ||
+ | |Multi-segment foot models are increasingly being used to evaluate intra and inter-segment foot kinematics such as the motion between the hindfoot/ | ||
visual3d/documentation/modeling/segments/other_foot_models.1718801338.txt.gz · Last modified: 2024/06/19 12:48 by sgranger