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other:ior_gait:ior_gait_overview [2026/04/24 17:59] – [IOR Tutorials] wikisysopother:ior_gait:ior_gait_overview [2026/04/24 19:34] (current) – [IOR Tutorials] wikisysop
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   - [[#IORtrunk|IORtrunk]]   - [[#IORtrunk|IORtrunk]]
  
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 The IOR protocols have been validated clinically with links to the various publications in the next section. The IOR protocols have been validated clinically with links to the various publications in the next section.
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 ==== IORfoot ==== ==== IORfoot ====
  
-|{{:IORfoot.jpg}}|**Leardini A, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Bettinelli D, Nativo R, Giannini S.(2007)**\\ \\ "Rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during the stance phase of gait."\\ \\ //[[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965916|Gait Posture. 2007 Mar;25(3):453-62.]]//\\ \\ This paper proposes a new protocol designed to track a large number of foot segments during the stance phase of gait with the smallest possible number of markers, with particular clinical focus on coronal plane alignment of the rear-foot, transverse and sagittal plane alignment of the metatarsal bones, and changes at the medial longitudinal arch. The shank, calcaneus, mid-foot and metatarsus were assumed to be 3D rigid bodies. The longitudinal axis of the first, second and fifth metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanx of the hallux were also tracked independently. Skin markers were mounted on bony prominences or joint lines, avoiding the course of main tendons. Trajectories of the 14 markers were collected by an eight-camera motion capture system at 100 Hz on a population of 10 young volunteers. Three-dimensional joint rotations and planar angles were calculated according to anatomically based reference frames. The marker set was well visible throughout the stance phase of gait, even in a camera configuration typical of gait analysis of the full body. The time-histories of the joint rotations and planar angles were well repeatable among subjects and consistent with clinical and biomechanical knowledge. Several dynamic measurements were originally taken, such as elevation/drop of the medial longitudinal arch and of three metatarsal bones, rear-foot to fore-foot rotation and transverse plane deformation of the metatarsus. The information obtained from this protocol, consistent with previous clinical knowledge, enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of the human foot during stance.|+|{{:IORfoot.jpg}}|**Leardini A, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Bettinelli D, Nativo R, Giannini S.(2007)**\\ \\ "Rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during the stance phase of gait."\\ \\ //[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965916|Gait Posture. 2007 Mar;25(3):453-62.]]//\\ \\ This paper proposes a new protocol designed to track a large number of foot segments during the stance phase of gait with the smallest possible number of markers, with particular clinical focus on coronal plane alignment of the rear-foot, transverse and sagittal plane alignment of the metatarsal bones, and changes at the medial longitudinal arch. The shank, calcaneus, mid-foot and metatarsus were assumed to be 3D rigid bodies. The longitudinal axis of the first, second and fifth metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanx of the hallux were also tracked independently. Skin markers were mounted on bony prominences or joint lines, avoiding the course of main tendons. Trajectories of the 14 markers were collected by an eight-camera motion capture system at 100 Hz on a population of 10 young volunteers. Three-dimensional joint rotations and planar angles were calculated according to anatomically based reference frames. The marker set was well visible throughout the stance phase of gait, even in a camera configuration typical of gait analysis of the full body. The time-histories of the joint rotations and planar angles were well repeatable among subjects and consistent with clinical and biomechanical knowledge. Several dynamic measurements were originally taken, such as elevation/drop of the medial longitudinal arch and of three metatarsal bones, rear-foot to fore-foot rotation and transverse plane deformation of the metatarsus. The information obtained from this protocol, consistent with previous clinical knowledge, enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of the human foot during stance.|
  
 For more information about other multi-segment feet, here are summaries of other [[Visual3D:Documentation:Modeling:Segments:Other_Foot_Models|Multi-Segment Foot Models]] and [[Visual3D:Documentation:Modeling:Segments:References|Kinetic Segment Foot Models]]. For more information about other multi-segment feet, here are summaries of other [[Visual3D:Documentation:Modeling:Segments:Other_Foot_Models|Multi-Segment Foot Models]] and [[Visual3D:Documentation:Modeling:Segments:References|Kinetic Segment Foot Models]].
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 The IOR Marker Set and associated models are described and implemented in several tutorials as detailed below: The IOR Marker Set and associated models are described and implemented in several tutorials as detailed below:
 ^Tutorial^Description^ ^Tutorial^Description^
-|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_foot_model_2006|2006 IOR Foot Model]]|  | +|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_foot_model_2006|2006 IOR Foot Model]]|Building the IOR Foot Model as described in the 2006 paper.| 
-|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_foot_model|2007 IOR Foot Model]]|  | +|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_foot_model|2007 IOR Foot Model]]|Building the IOR Foot Model to reflect updated names in the 2007 paper.| 
-|[[:ior_foot_tutorial_angles|IORFoot 2014 Modifications]]|  |+|[[:ior_foot_tutorial_angles|IORFoot 2014 Modifications]]|Building the original IOR Foot Model with all modifications made in the 2014 paper.| 
 +|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_gait_full_body_model|IOR Gait Full Body Model]]|This tutorial explains how to implement the IOR Full Body Model in Visual3D. The IOR Full Body Model is a combination of the IOR Multi-Segment Trunk, and the IOR Lower Extremity Model.| 
 +|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_gait_joint_angles|IOR Gait Joint Angles]]|This tutorial is a continuation of the IOR Gait Full Body Tutorial. This tutorial goes through computing different joint angles specific to the IOR Gait model.| 
 +|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_gait_planar_angles|IOR Gait Planar Angles]]|This tutorial is a continuation of the IOR Gait Full Body Tutorial. This tutorial goes through computing planar angles with the IOR model.| 
 +|[[visual3d:tutorials:modeling:ior_gait_shoulder_orientation_and_translation|]]|This tutorial is a continuation of the IOR Gait Full Body Tutorial. This tutorial goes through computing the orientation and the translation of the shoulder targets relative to the trunk segment.| 
 +|[[other:ior_gait:documentation:gait_collection|Gait Collection]]|This page describes the appropriate practice(s) for gait collection when following the IOR model.| 
 +|[[other:ior_gait:documentation:foot_collection|Foot Collection]]|This page describes the appropriate practice(s) for collecting foot data using the IOR model.| 
 +|[[other:ior_gait:documentation:clean_foot_strike|Clean Foot Strike]]|This page describes how to determine a “good” vs. “bad” force assignments for foot strikes.|
 ===== Repeatability ===== ===== Repeatability =====
  
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 |**Arnold JB, Mackintosh S, Jones S, Thewlis D. (2013)**   "Repeatability of stance phase kinematics from a multi-segment foot model in people aged 50 years and older."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | |**Arnold JB, Mackintosh S, Jones S, Thewlis D. (2013)**   "Repeatability of stance phase kinematics from a multi-segment foot model in people aged 50 years and older."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
-|//[[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219780|Gait Posture. 2013 Jun;38(2):349-51..]]//                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |+|//[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219780|Gait Posture. 2013 Jun;38(2):349-51..]]//                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
 |Confidence in 3D multi-segment foot models has been limited by a lack of repeatability data, particularly in older populations that may display unique functional foot characteristics. This study aimed to determine the intra and inter-observer repeatability of stance phase kinematic data from a multi-segment foot model described by Leardini et al. [2] in people aged 50 years or older. Twenty healthy adults participated (mean age 65.4 years SD 8.4). A repeated measures study design was used with data collected from four testing sessions on two days from two observers. Intra (within-day and between-day) and inter-observer coefficient of multiple correlations revealed moderate to excellent similarity of stance phase joint range of motion (0.621-0.975). Relative to the joint range of motion (ROM), mean differences (MD) between sessions were highest for the within-day comparison for all planar ROM at the metatarsus-midfoot articulation (sagittal plane ROM 5.2° vs. 3.9°, MD 3.1°; coronal plane ROM 3.9 vs. 3.1°, MD 2.3°; transverse plane ROM 6.8° vs. 5.16°, MD 3.5°). Consequently, data from the metatarsus-midfoot articulation in the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR) foot model in adults aged over 50 years needs to be considered with respect to the findings of this study.| |Confidence in 3D multi-segment foot models has been limited by a lack of repeatability data, particularly in older populations that may display unique functional foot characteristics. This study aimed to determine the intra and inter-observer repeatability of stance phase kinematic data from a multi-segment foot model described by Leardini et al. [2] in people aged 50 years or older. Twenty healthy adults participated (mean age 65.4 years SD 8.4). A repeated measures study design was used with data collected from four testing sessions on two days from two observers. Intra (within-day and between-day) and inter-observer coefficient of multiple correlations revealed moderate to excellent similarity of stance phase joint range of motion (0.621-0.975). Relative to the joint range of motion (ROM), mean differences (MD) between sessions were highest for the within-day comparison for all planar ROM at the metatarsus-midfoot articulation (sagittal plane ROM 5.2° vs. 3.9°, MD 3.1°; coronal plane ROM 3.9 vs. 3.1°, MD 2.3°; transverse plane ROM 6.8° vs. 5.16°, MD 3.5°). Consequently, data from the metatarsus-midfoot articulation in the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli (IOR) foot model in adults aged over 50 years needs to be considered with respect to the findings of this study.|
  
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 |**Deschamps K, Staes F, Bruyninckx H, Busschots E, Jaspers E, Atre A, Desloovere K.(2012)**   "Repeatability in the assessment of multi-segment foot kinematics."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | |**Deschamps K, Staes F, Bruyninckx H, Busschots E, Jaspers E, Atre A, Desloovere K.(2012)**   "Repeatability in the assessment of multi-segment foot kinematics."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
-|//[[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100210|Gait Posture. 2012 Feb;35(2):255-60.]]//                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |+|//[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100210|Gait Posture. 2012 Feb;35(2):255-60.]]//                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
 |A recently published systematic review on 3D multi-segment foot models has illustrated the lack of repeatability studies providing evidence for appropriate clinical decision making. The aim of the current study was to assess the repeatability of the recently published model developed by Leardini et al. [10]. Foot kinematics of six healthy adults were analyzed through a repeated-measures design including two therapists with different levels of experience and four test sessions. For the majority of the parameters moderate or good repeatability was observed for the within-day and between-day sessions. A trend towards consistently higher within- and between-day variability was observed for the junior compared to the senior clinician. The mean inter-session variability of the relative 3D rotations ranged between 0.9-4.2° and 1.6-5.0° for respectively the senior and junior clinician whereas for the absolute angles this variability increased to respectively 2.0-6.2° and 2.6-7.8°. Mean inter-therapist standard deviations ranged between 2.2° and 6.5° for the relative 3D rotations and between 2.8° and 7.6° for the absolute 3D rotations. The ratio of inter-therapist to inter-trial errors ranged between 1.8 and 5.5 for the relative 3D rotations and between 2.4 and 9.7 for the absolute 3D rotations. Absolute angle representation of the planar angles was found to be more difficult. Observations from the current study indicate that an adequate normative database can be installed in gait laboratories, however, it should be stressed that experience of therapists is important and gait laboratories should therefore be encouraged to put effort in training their clinicians.| |A recently published systematic review on 3D multi-segment foot models has illustrated the lack of repeatability studies providing evidence for appropriate clinical decision making. The aim of the current study was to assess the repeatability of the recently published model developed by Leardini et al. [10]. Foot kinematics of six healthy adults were analyzed through a repeated-measures design including two therapists with different levels of experience and four test sessions. For the majority of the parameters moderate or good repeatability was observed for the within-day and between-day sessions. A trend towards consistently higher within- and between-day variability was observed for the junior compared to the senior clinician. The mean inter-session variability of the relative 3D rotations ranged between 0.9-4.2° and 1.6-5.0° for respectively the senior and junior clinician whereas for the absolute angles this variability increased to respectively 2.0-6.2° and 2.6-7.8°. Mean inter-therapist standard deviations ranged between 2.2° and 6.5° for the relative 3D rotations and between 2.8° and 7.6° for the absolute 3D rotations. The ratio of inter-therapist to inter-trial errors ranged between 1.8 and 5.5 for the relative 3D rotations and between 2.4 and 9.7 for the absolute 3D rotations. Absolute angle representation of the planar angles was found to be more difficult. Observations from the current study indicate that an adequate normative database can be installed in gait laboratories, however, it should be stressed that experience of therapists is important and gait laboratories should therefore be encouraged to put effort in training their clinicians.|
  
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-|**Caravaggi P, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Leardini A. (2011)**\\ \\ "Repeatability of a multi-segment foot protocol in adult subjects."\\ \\ //[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965728|Gait Posture. 2011 Jan;33(1):133-5]]//\\ \\ Despite the numerous protocols for multi-segment kinematic analysis of the foot, the literature is scarce regarding relevant measures of reliability. The aim of the present work was to assess the inter-trial, inter-session and inter-examiner variability of one of these protocols by an established method. The kinematics of the joints of the foot of two volunteers were analyzed by four examiners with different degrees of experience in three sessions, two-to-four weeks apart. In each session the data of five trials of level walking were collected and the rotations in the three anatomical planes between foot segments were calculated. The mean value over stance phase duration of the standard deviation of these rotations was calculated for groups of trials according to the statistical method as in Schwartz et al. [6]. For each rotation, the inter-examiner variability was larger than the inter-session, and the latter larger than the inter-trial. The inter-session variability was found in the same order of magnitude for standard lower limb protocols for the two expert examiners, but much higher for the inexperienced examiners.|+|**Caravaggi P, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Leardini A. (2011)**   "Repeatability of a multi-segment foot protocol in adult subjects."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                | 
 +|//[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20965728/|Gait Posture. 2011 Jan;33(1):133-5.]]//                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | 
 +|Despite the numerous protocols for multi-segment kinematic analysis of the foot, the literature is scarce regarding relevant measures of reliability. The aim of the present work was to assess the inter-trial, inter-session and inter-examiner variability of one of these protocols by an established method. The kinematics of the joints of the foot of two volunteers were analyzed by four examiners with different degrees of experience in three sessions, two-to-four weeks apart. In each session the data of five trials of level walking were collected and the rotations in the three anatomical planes between foot segments were calculated. The mean value over stance phase duration of the standard deviation of these rotations was calculated for groups of trials according to the statistical method as in Schwartz et al. [6]. For each rotation, the inter-examiner variability was larger than the inter-session, and the latter larger than the inter-trial. The inter-session variability was found in the same order of magnitude for standard lower limb protocols for the two expert examiners, but much higher for the inexperienced examiners.|
  
  
  
other/ior_gait/ior_gait_overview.1777053546.txt.gz · Last modified: by wikisysop