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--- other:ior_gait:ior_gait_overview [2024/07/16 19:22] – created sgranger
+++ other:ior_gait:ior_gait_overview [2024/07/17 15:44] (current) – created sgranger
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-====== IOR_Gait_Overview_ ======
+====== IOR Gait Overview  ======
 ===== Acknowledgement =====
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 ==== IORgait ====
-|{{IOR_full_marker_set.png}}|**Leardini A, Sawacha Z, Paolini G, Ingrosso S, Nativo R, Benedetti MG.(2007)**\\ \\ A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children.\\ \\ //[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291764|Gait Posture. 2007 Oct;26(4):560-71]]//\\ \\ Human movement analysis still suffers from the weakness of the currently used protocols for data collection and reduction. Reliable data comparisons and precise functional assessment require anatomically based definitions of the reference axes and frames, and therefore careful identification and tracking of the landmarks. When impaired children are analysed, the marker-set and other measurement procedures have to be minimised to reduce the time of the experiment and ensure patient collaboration. A new protocol is proposed for the analysis of pelvis and lower limb motion obtained as a compromise between these two requirements. A marker-set is proposed which involves the attachment of 22 skin markers, the calibration by a pointer of 6 anatomical landmarks, and the identification of the hip joint centre by a prediction approach. Anatomical reference frames and joint rotations are defined according to current recommendations. The protocol was assessed by analysing a single child in several repetitions by different examiners, and a population of 10 healthy children, mean age 9.7-years-old. The entire analysis was repeated after subtraction of the offset by static posture angles. The minimum and maximum means of the standard deviations from five examiners of the same child were respectively 2.1 degrees in pelvic obliquity and 6.8 degrees in knee rotation. The minimum and maximum means of the standard deviations from the 10 healthy children were 2.1 degrees in pelvic obliquity and 9.6 degrees in knee internal-external rotation. The protocol is feasible and allows 3D anatomical-based measurements of segment and joint motion and data sharing according to current standards.|
+|{{:IOR_full_marker_set.png}}|**Leardini A, Sawacha Z, Paolini G, Ingrosso S, Nativo R, Benedetti MG.(2007)**\\ \\ A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children.\\ \\ //[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291764|Gait Posture. 2007 Oct;26(4):560-71]]//\\ \\ Human movement analysis still suffers from the weakness of the currently used protocols for data collection and reduction. Reliable data comparisons and precise functional assessment require anatomically based definitions of the reference axes and frames, and therefore careful identification and tracking of the landmarks. When impaired children are analysed, the marker-set and other measurement procedures have to be minimised to reduce the time of the experiment and ensure patient collaboration. A new protocol is proposed for the analysis of pelvis and lower limb motion obtained as a compromise between these two requirements. A marker-set is proposed which involves the attachment of 22 skin markers, the calibration by a pointer of 6 anatomical landmarks, and the identification of the hip joint centre by a prediction approach. Anatomical reference frames and joint rotations are defined according to current recommendations. The protocol was assessed by analysing a single child in several repetitions by different examiners, and a population of 10 healthy children, mean age 9.7-years-old. The entire analysis was repeated after subtraction of the offset by static posture angles. The minimum and maximum means of the standard deviations from five examiners of the same child were respectively 2.1 degrees in pelvic obliquity and 6.8 degrees in knee rotation. The minimum and maximum means of the standard deviations from the 10 healthy children were 2.1 degrees in pelvic obliquity and 9.6 degrees in knee internal-external rotation. The protocol is feasible and allows 3D anatomical-based measurements of segment and joint motion and data sharing according to current standards.|
 ==== IORfoot ====
-|{{IORfoot.jpg}}|**Leardini A, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Bettinelli D, Nativo R, Giannini S.(2007)**\\ \\ "Rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during the stance phase of gait."\\ \\ //[[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965916|Gait Posture. 2007 Mar;25(3):453-62.]]//\\ \\ This paper proposes a new protocol designed to track a large number of foot segments during the stance phase of gait with the smallest possible number of markers, with particular clinical focus on coronal plane alignment of the rear-foot, transverse and sagittal plane alignment of the metatarsal bones, and changes at the medial longitudinal arch. The shank, calcaneus, mid-foot and metatarsus were assumed to be 3D rigid bodies. The longitudinal axis of the first, second and fifth metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanx of the hallux were also tracked independently. Skin markers were mounted on bony prominences or joint lines, avoiding the course of main tendons. Trajectories of the 14 markers were collected by an eight-camera motion capture system at 100 Hz on a population of 10 young volunteers. Three-dimensional joint rotations and planar angles were calculated according to anatomically based reference frames. The marker set was well visible throughout the stance phase of gait, even in a camera configuration typical of gait analysis of the full body. The time-histories of the joint rotations and planar angles were well repeatable among subjects and consistent with clinical and biomechanical knowledge. Several dynamic measurements were originally taken, such as elevation/drop of the medial longitudinal arch and of three metatarsal bones, rear-foot to fore-foot rotation and transverse plane deformation of the metatarsus. The information obtained from this protocol, consistent with previous clinical knowledge, enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of the human foot during stance.|
+|{{:IORfoot.jpg}}|**Leardini A, Benedetti MG, Berti L, Bettinelli D, Nativo R, Giannini S.(2007)**\\ \\ "Rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during the stance phase of gait."\\ \\ //[[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965916|Gait Posture. 2007 Mar;25(3):453-62.]]//\\ \\ This paper proposes a new protocol designed to track a large number of foot segments during the stance phase of gait with the smallest possible number of markers, with particular clinical focus on coronal plane alignment of the rear-foot, transverse and sagittal plane alignment of the metatarsal bones, and changes at the medial longitudinal arch. The shank, calcaneus, mid-foot and metatarsus were assumed to be 3D rigid bodies. The longitudinal axis of the first, second and fifth metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanx of the hallux were also tracked independently. Skin markers were mounted on bony prominences or joint lines, avoiding the course of main tendons. Trajectories of the 14 markers were collected by an eight-camera motion capture system at 100 Hz on a population of 10 young volunteers. Three-dimensional joint rotations and planar angles were calculated according to anatomically based reference frames. The marker set was well visible throughout the stance phase of gait, even in a camera configuration typical of gait analysis of the full body. The time-histories of the joint rotations and planar angles were well repeatable among subjects and consistent with clinical and biomechanical knowledge. Several dynamic measurements were originally taken, such as elevation/drop of the medial longitudinal arch and of three metatarsal bones, rear-foot to fore-foot rotation and transverse plane deformation of the metatarsus. The information obtained from this protocol, consistent with previous clinical knowledge, enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of the human foot during stance.|
 For more information about other multi-segment feet, here are summaries of other [[Visual3D:Documentation:Modeling:Segments:Other_Foot_Models|Multi-Segment Foot Models]] and [[Visual3D:Documentation:Modeling:Segments:References|Kinetic Segment Foot Models]].
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 ==== IORtrunk ====
-|{{IORtrunkFig.jpg}}|**Leardini A, Biagi F, Merlo A, Belvedere C, Benedetti MG. (2011)**\\ \\ "Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises."\\ \\ //[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419535|Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2011 Jul;26(6):562-71]]//\\ \\ BACKGROUND: Motion of human trunk segments in healthy subjects during activities of daily living has been described either with oversimplified models or with cumbersome techniques of isolated anatomical complex. This study describes multi-segmental trunk motion based on a new technique which is a compromise between technical limitations, implied with the experiments, and clinical relevance.\\ \\ METHODS: The thorax segment was tracked by the optimal spatial matching of four thoracic markers. The separate bi-dimensional shoulder line rotations and translations with respect to the thorax were calculated by markers on the two acromions. Spine motion was characterised by a 5-link-segment model from additional four skin markers, in the anatomical reference frame based on four pelvic spine markers. These 14 markers were tracked in 10 healthy subjects and one clinical case during static upright posture, chair rising-sitting, step up-and-down and level walking, and also during elementary flexion and extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation movements of the entire trunk.\\ \\ FINDINGS: Intra-subject repeatability over ten repetitions was found to be high for most of the measurements, with average standard deviations of less than 1.8° for all planar rotations at the spine, and less smaller than 1mm for shoulder translations. Large motion, albeit with different patterns, was found in all subjects, also revealing interesting couplings over the three anatomical planes.\\ \\ INTERPRETATION: Considerable subject-specific motion occurs at each of these different trunk segments in all three anatomical planes, in simple exercises and in motor tasks of daily living. Measurements taken with the present new trunk model in pathological subjects shall reveal corresponding patterns and ranges of motion in abnormal conditions.|
+|{{:IORtrunkFig.jpg}}|**Leardini A, Biagi F, Merlo A, Belvedere C, Benedetti MG. (2011)**\\ \\ "Multi-segment trunk kinematics during locomotion and elementary exercises."\\ \\ //[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419535|Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2011 Jul;26(6):562-71]]//\\ \\ BACKGROUND: Motion of human trunk segments in healthy subjects during activities of daily living has been described either with oversimplified models or with cumbersome techniques of isolated anatomical complex. This study describes multi-segmental trunk motion based on a new technique which is a compromise between technical limitations, implied with the experiments, and clinical relevance.\\ \\ METHODS: The thorax segment was tracked by the optimal spatial matching of four thoracic markers. The separate bi-dimensional shoulder line rotations and translations with respect to the thorax were calculated by markers on the two acromions. Spine motion was characterised by a 5-link-segment model from additional four skin markers, in the anatomical reference frame based on four pelvic spine markers. These 14 markers were tracked in 10 healthy subjects and one clinical case during static upright posture, chair rising-sitting, step up-and-down and level walking, and also during elementary flexion and extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation movements of the entire trunk.\\ \\ FINDINGS: Intra-subject repeatability over ten repetitions was found to be high for most of the measurements, with average standard deviations of less than 1.8° for all planar rotations at the spine, and less smaller than 1mm for shoulder translations. Large motion, albeit with different patterns, was found in all subjects, also revealing interesting couplings over the three anatomical planes.\\ \\ INTERPRETATION: Considerable subject-specific motion occurs at each of these different trunk segments in all three anatomical planes, in simple exercises and in motor tasks of daily living. Measurements taken with the present new trunk model in pathological subjects shall reveal corresponding patterns and ranges of motion in abnormal conditions.|
 ===== IOR Marker Sets =====
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 Step by step instructions describing how to create these models be found on the Visual3D wiki.
-|**A tutorial describing the IORgait model explicitly as a Visual3D model can be found [[Visual3D:Tutorials:Modeling:IOR_Gait_Full_Body_Model|here]]**  |  {{IOR_full_marker_set.png}}|
+|**A tutorial describing the IORgait model explicitly as a Visual3D model can be found [[Visual3D:Tutorials:Modeling:IOR_Gait_Full_Body_Model|here]]**  |  {{:IOR_full_marker_set.png}}|
-|**A tutorial describing the IORgait model explicitly as a Visual3D model can be found [[Visual3D:Tutorials:Modeling:IOR_Foot_Model|here]]**\\ \\ \\ {{foot_markersIOR.png}}  |  {{IORfoot.jpg}}|
+|**A tutorial describing the IORgait model explicitly as a Visual3D model can be found [[Visual3D:Tutorials:Modeling:IOR_Foot_Model|here]]**\\ \\ \\ {{:foot_markersIOR.png}}  |  {{:IORfoot.jpg}}|
 ===== Repeatability =====