Differences

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--- ior_foot_angles_test [2026/04/15 17:41] – [Shank Targets] wikisysop
+++ ior_foot_angles_test [2026/04/15 18:24] (current) – wikisysop
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-====== IORFoot Tutorial Angles ======
-===== Introduction =====
-The IOR Foot analysis uses joint angles and planar angles to describe the motion of the foot.
-****
-**The IOR Foot analysis has been described in the paper:**
-****
-Leardini, A., M.G. Benedetti, L. Berti, D. Bettinelli, R. Nativo, and S. Giannini. "Rear-foot, Mid-foot and Fore-foot Motion during the Stance Phase of Gait." Gait & Posture 25 (2007): 453-55 <sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> \\
-****
-**Modifications to the IOR Foot Analysis are described in the paper:**
-****
-Portinaro, N., A. Leardini, A. Panou, V. Monzani, and P. Caravaggi. "Modifying the Rizzoli foot model to improve the diagnosis of pes-planus: application to kinematics of feet in teenagers." Journal of Foot and Ankle Research (2014) <sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> \\
-****
-This tutorial describes the original analysis with all modifications from the 2014 paper.
-****
-The 2007 paper is described [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=Tutorial:_IOR_Foot_Model|here]].
-==== Downloads ====
-Sample data for this tutorial can be downloaded [[https://web.archive.org/web/20201001125255/http://www.c-motion.com/download/examples/IORFoot/2014_Tutorial.zip|here]].
-The PPT images shown in this tutorial can be downloaded [[https://web.archive.org/web/20201001125255/http://www.c-motion.com/download/examples/IORFoot/IORHighlights_Leardini.zip|here]].
-===== Modifications =====
-Three modifications were made between the first<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> and second<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> papers. These modifications are outlined below.
-==== Mod 1: Hallux ====
-Previously, varus & dorsiflexion at the first metatarso-phalangeal joint were represented by planar angles (F2Pt and F2Ps)<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>.
-The 2014 paper creates a hallux segment and calculates the F2Pt and F2Ps angles as joint angles between the Hallux & Metatarsus segments<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>.
-==== Mod 2: Calcaneus ====
-The original paper <sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> only contained one target on the posterior calcaneus. The 2014 modifications<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> contain two targets on the posterior calcaneus.
-The 2007 paper<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> described the CA target as the:
-   CA - upper central ridge of the calcaneus posterior surface, i.e. Achilles' tendon attachment
-The 2014 paper<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> described the HL target as the:
-   HL - most distal point of attachment area of the Achilles tendon on the calcaneus
-The CA<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> target will be referred to as the FCP (calcaneus proximal - the proximal attachement of the tendon) for the remainder of this tutorial.
-The HL<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> target will be referred to as the FCD (calcaneus distal - FCC<sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup> [pg. 162]) for the remainder of this tutorial.
-The FCP target will be used to indicate the origin of the calcaneus segment, and the orientation of the FCP/FCD targets will be used to indicate inversion/eversion of the calcaneus (Sha_Cal_Fro Angle). When placing these targets, make sure there is enough distance between them so that your camera system can recognize them as two separate targets.
-The FCD target should be removed after the static trial.
-==== Mod 3: MLA Angle ====
-Previously, the MLA angle was calculated using the CA target<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>.
-The 2014 paper projects the FCP target onto the ground during the static trial (FCP_proj), and tracks this projection using the calcaneus segment (FCP_proj_track)<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>.
-===== Target Placement =====
-The following text contains a detailed explanation of how to palpate the necessary bony landmarks:
-Serge van Sint Jan "Color Atlas of Skeletal Landmark Definitions: Guidelines for Reproducible Manual and Virtual Palpations" 2007 - Churchill Livingstone <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>
-==== Foot Targets ====
-[[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:foot_markersIOR_2014.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/8/8d/foot_markersIOR_2014.png?411x350|foot markersIOR 2014.png}}]]
-  * **CA<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FCP) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p. 162 = Proximal posterior Surface of Calcaneus. *
-  * **HL<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> (FCD) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p. 162 = Distal attachment of the Achilles' tendon. *
-  * **ST<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FST) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.164 = Sustentaculum Tali of Calcaneus.
-  * **PT<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FPT) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.171 = Lateral apex of the peroneal tubercle.
-  * **TN<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FNT) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.165 = Medial apex of the tuberosity navicular.
-  * **FMH<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FM1) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.173 = Head of 1st Metatarsus.
-  * **SMH<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FM2) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.173 = Head of 2nd Metatarsus.
-  * **VMH<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FM5) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.173 = Head of 5th Metatarsus.
-  * **VMB<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FMT) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.172 = Tuberosity of 5th Metatarsal
-  * **PM<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (PD6) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.175 = Proximal Distal Phalanx. %%**%%
-  * **FMB<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>** = Base of First Metatarsal. %%**%%*
-  * **SMB<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>** = Base of Second Metatarsal. %%**%%*
-//*// Serge Van Sint Jan describes palpation for the FCC landmark (which should be the FCD), and the FCP landmark should be placed proximal to this landmark.\\
-//%%**%%// Serge Van Sint Jan describes palpation for the mediolateral borders of this landmark (PM6/PL6), the target should be placed at the midpoint.\\
-//%%**%%*// There is no reference for this landmark in Serge Van Sint Jan text, please see the IOR Foot paper for further clarification
-==== Shank Targets ====
-|**HF<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FAX) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.154 = Apex of the styloid process\\ \\ **TT<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (TTC) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.144 = Tibial tuberosity\\ \\ **LM<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FAL) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.158 = Apex of the Lateral malleolus\\ \\ **MM<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (TAM) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.148 = Apex of the Medial malleolus|{{:shank_targets.png?nolink|}}|
-====== Segment Definition ======
-===== Hallux (Hal) =====
-Segment Definition:\\
-\\ The FMH target is defined as the origin of Hal segment. The A/P (X) axis is defined from the FMH to PM target. The sagittal axis (Z axis) is along the plane defined by the FMH, FM, and VMH targets.\\
-\\ The Hal segment is a modification<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> to the original analysis<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>\\
-\\ Joint Angles:\\
-  * F2Pt<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>/ Y component of the Met-Hal Angle<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>
-  * F2Ps<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>/ Z component of the Met-Hal Angle<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>
-Planar Angles:
-  * No planar angles
-\\
-[[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_HalSCS.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/7/71/IOR_HalSCS.png/275px-IOR_HalSCS.png?275x336|caption}}]]
-|Hallux Landmarks                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-||**1. Create RHal_Vert:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click **Landmarks** button<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click **Add New Landmark** button<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Create Landmark: RHal_Vert//\\ //\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **Landmark Name:** RHal_Vert//\\ //<HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Orientation Using:**\\    **Starting Point:** //RFMH//\\    **Ending Point:** //RPM//\\    **Lateral Object:** //RVMH//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Offset Using the Following **ML/AP/AXIAL** Offsets:\\    **X:** //0.0//    **Y:** //-DISTANCE(RFMH,RPM)//    **Z:** //0.0//<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>**Do NOT Check:** //Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)//<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>**Do NOT Check:** //Calibration Only Landmark//<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Landmark_RHAL_VERT.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/1/1b/IOR_Landmark_RHAL_VERT.png/275px-IOR_Landmark_RHAL_VERT.png?275x341|caption}}]]||
-|Hallux Definition                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
-||**1. Create RHal Segment:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>In the **Segments** tab, select //RHal// in the Segment Name box.<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Select **Kinematic Only**<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on the **Create Segment** button.<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>In the **RHal** tab, enter these values:\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Proximal Joint and Radius**\\    **Lateral:** //None//     **Joint:** //RFMH//     **Medial:** //None//     \\    **Radius:** //0.1//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Distal Joint and Radius**\\    **Lateral:** //None//     **Joint:** //RPM//     **Medial:** //None//     \\    **Radius:** //0.1//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Extra Target to Define Orientation**\\    **Location:** //Lateral//     //RHal_Vert//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Select Tracking Targets:**\\      //RHal_Vert//, //RFMH//, //RPM//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on **Build Model.**<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on **Close Tab** before proceeding.<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Seg_RHal.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/3/3d/IOR_Seg_RHal.png/275px-IOR_Seg_RHal.png?275x380|caption}}]]|\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ |**2. Modify the [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=Modify_Segment_Coordinate_System#Modify_Segment_Coordinate_System|Segment Coordinate System]]:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Define the Segment Orientation as:\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **A/P Axis:** //-Z//\\    **Distal to Proximal:** //-X//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/c/c8/IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png/275px-IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png?275x132|caption}}]]|\\ \\ The image to the right (and all other images in this tutorial) show a mediolateral view of the segment coordinate system after it has been modified.|
 ===== Metatarsus (Met) =====