Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- ior_foot_angles_test [2026/04/15 17:32] – [Mod 2: Calcaneus] wikisysop
+++ ior_foot_angles_test [2026/04/15 18:24] (current) – wikisysop
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+                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   **Hallux Definition**\\|**1. Create RHal Segment:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>In the **Segments** tab, select //RHal// in the Segment Name box.<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Select **Kinematic Only**<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on the **Create Segment** button.<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>In the **RHal** tab, enter these values:\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Proximal Joint and Radius**\\    **Lateral:** //None//     **Joint:** //RFMH//     **Medial:** //None//     \\    **Radius:** //0.1//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Distal Joint and Radius**\\    **Lateral:** //None//     **Joint:** //RPM//     **Medial:** //None//     \\    **Radius:** //0.1//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Extra Target to Define Orientation**\\    **Location:** //Lateral//     //RHal_Vert//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Select Tracking Targets:**\\      //RHal_Vert//, //RFMH//, //RPM//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on **Build Model.**<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on **Close Tab** before proceeding.<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Seg_RHal.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/3/3d/IOR_Seg_RHal.png/275px-IOR_Seg_RHal.png?275x380|caption}}]]|\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ |**2. Modify the [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=Modify_Segment_Coordinate_System#Modify_Segment_Coordinate_System|Segment Coordinate System]]:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Define the Segment Orientation as:\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **A/P Axis:** //-Z//\\    **Distal to Proximal:** //-X//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/c/c8/IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png/275px-IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png?275x132|caption}}]]|\\ \\ The image to the right (and all other images in this tutorial) show a mediolateral view of the segment coordinate system after it has been modified.|
-====== IORFoot Tutorial Angles ======
-===== Introduction =====
-The IOR Foot analysis uses joint angles and planar angles to describe the motion of the foot.
-****
-**The IOR Foot analysis has been described in the paper:**
-****
-Leardini, A., M.G. Benedetti, L. Berti, D. Bettinelli, R. Nativo, and S. Giannini. "Rear-foot, Mid-foot and Fore-foot Motion during the Stance Phase of Gait." Gait & Posture 25 (2007): 453-55 <sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> \\
-****
-**Modifications to the IOR Foot Analysis are described in the paper:**
-****
-Portinaro, N., A. Leardini, A. Panou, V. Monzani, and P. Caravaggi. "Modifying the Rizzoli foot model to improve the diagnosis of pes-planus: application to kinematics of feet in teenagers." Journal of Foot and Ankle Research (2014) <sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> \\
-****
-This tutorial describes the original analysis with all modifications from the 2014 paper.
-****
-The 2007 paper is described [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=Tutorial:_IOR_Foot_Model|here]].
-==== Downloads ====
-Sample data for this tutorial can be downloaded [[https://web.archive.org/web/20201001125255/http://www.c-motion.com/download/examples/IORFoot/2014_Tutorial.zip|here]].
-The PPT images shown in this tutorial can be downloaded [[https://web.archive.org/web/20201001125255/http://www.c-motion.com/download/examples/IORFoot/IORHighlights_Leardini.zip|here]].
-===== Modifications =====
-Three modifications were made between the first<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> and second<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> papers. These modifications are outlined below.
-==== Mod 1: Hallux ====
-Previously, varus & dorsiflexion at the first metatarso-phalangeal joint were represented by planar angles (F2Pt and F2Ps)<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>.
-The 2014 paper creates a hallux segment and calculates the F2Pt and F2Ps angles as joint angles between the Hallux & Metatarsus segments<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>.
-==== Mod 2: Calcaneus ====
-The original paper <sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> only contained one target on the posterior calcaneus. The 2014 modifications<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> contain two targets on the posterior calcaneus.
-The 2007 paper<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> described the CA target as the:
-   CA - upper central ridge of the calcaneus posterior surface, i.e. Achilles' tendon attachment
-The 2014 paper<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> described the HL target as the:
-   HL - most distal point of attachment area of the Achilles tendon on the calcaneus
-The CA<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> target will be referred to as the FCP (calcaneus proximal - the proximal attachement of the tendon) for the remainder of this tutorial.
-The HL<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> target will be referred to as the FCD (calcaneus distal - FCC<sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup> [pg. 162]) for the remainder of this tutorial.
-The FCP target will be used to indicate the origin of the calcaneus segment, and the orientation of the FCP/FCD targets will be used to indicate inversion/eversion of the calcaneus (Sha_Cal_Fro Angle). When placing these targets, make sure there is enough distance between them so that your camera system can recognize them as two separate targets.
-The FCD target should be removed after the static trial.
-==== Mod 3: MLA Angle ====
-Previously, the MLA angle was calculated using the CA target<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>.
-The 2014 paper projects the FCP target onto the ground during the static trial (FCP_proj), and tracks this projection using the calcaneus segment (FCP_proj_track)<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>.
-===== Target Placement =====
-The following text contains a detailed explanation of how to palpate the necessary bony landmarks:
-Serge van Sint Jan "Color Atlas of Skeletal Landmark Definitions: Guidelines for Reproducible Manual and Virtual Palpations" 2007 - Churchill Livingstone <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>
-==== Foot Targets ====
-[[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:foot_markersIOR_2014.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/8/8d/foot_markersIOR_2014.png?411x350|foot markersIOR 2014.png}}]]
-**CA<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FCP) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p. 162 = Proximal posterior Surface of Calcaneus. *
-**HL<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> (FCD) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p. 162 = Distal attachment of the Achilles' tendon. *
-**ST<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FST) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.164 = Sustentaculum Tali of Calcaneus.
-**PT<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FPT) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.171 = Lateral apex of the peroneal tubercle.
-**TN<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FNT) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.165 = Medial apex of the tuberosity navicular.
-**FMH<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FM1) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.173 = Head of 1st Metatarsus.
-**SMH<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FM2) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.173 = Head of 2nd Metatarsus.
-**VMH<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FM5) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.173 = Head of 5th Metatarsus.
-**VMB<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FMT) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.172 = Tuberosity of 5th Metatarsal
-**PM<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (PD6) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.175 = Proximal Distal Phalanx. %%**%%
-**FMB<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>** = Base of First Metatarsal. %%**%%*
-**SMB<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>** = Base of Second Metatarsal. %%**%%*
-//*// Serge Van Sint Jan describes palpation for the FCC landmark (which should be the FCD), and the FCP landmark should be placed proximal to this landmark.\\
-//%%**%%// Serge Van Sint Jan describes palpation for the mediolateral borders of this landmark (PM6/PL6), the target should be placed at the midpoint.\\
-//%%**%%*// There is no reference for this landmark in Serge Van Sint Jan text, please see the IOR Foot paper for further clarification
-==== Shank Targets ====
-|**HF<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FAX) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.154 = Apex of the styloid process\\ \\ **TT<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (TTC) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.144 = Tibial tuberosity\\ \\ **LM<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (FAL) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.158 = Apex of the Lateral malleolus\\ \\ **MM<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup> (TAM) <sup>[[#cite_note-Serge-3|[3]]]</sup>** : p.148 = Apex of the Medial malleolus|[[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IORShank_targets.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/9/99/IORShank_targets.png/300px-IORShank_targets.png?300x299|caption}}]]|
-====== Segment Definition ======
-===== Hallux (Hal) =====
-|Segment Definition:\\ \\ The FMH target is defined as the origin of Hal segment. The A/P (X) axis is defined from the FMH to PM target. The sagittal axis (Z axis) is along the plane defined by the FMH, FM, and VMH targets.\\ \\ The Hal segment is a modification<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup> to the original analysis<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>\\ \\ Joint Angles:\\ \\ * F2Pt<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>/ Y component of the Met-Hal Angle<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>\\ * F2Ps<sup>[[#cite_note-Leardini-1|[1]]]</sup>/ Z component of the Met-Hal Angle<sup>[[#cite_note-Portinaro-2|[2]]]</sup>\\ \\ Planar Angles:\\ \\ * No planar angles  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_HalSCS.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/7/71/IOR_HalSCS.png/275px-IOR_HalSCS.png?275x336|caption}}]]|
-|Hallux Landmarks                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
-||**1. Create RHal_Vert:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click **Landmarks** button<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click **Add New Landmark** button<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Create Landmark: RHal_Vert//\\ //\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **Landmark Name:** RHal_Vert//\\ //<HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Orientation Using:**\\    **Starting Point:** //RFMH//\\    **Ending Point:** //RPM//\\    **Lateral Object:** //RVMH//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Offset Using the Following **ML/AP/AXIAL** Offsets:\\    **X:** //0.0//    **Y:** //-DISTANCE(RFMH,RPM)//    **Z:** //0.0//<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>**Do NOT Check:** //Offset by Percent (1.0 = 100%)//<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>**Do NOT Check:** //Calibration Only Landmark//<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Landmark_RHAL_VERT.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/1/1b/IOR_Landmark_RHAL_VERT.png/275px-IOR_Landmark_RHAL_VERT.png?275x341|caption}}]]||
-|Hallux Definition                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
-||**1. Create RHal Segment:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>In the **Segments** tab, select //RHal// in the Segment Name box.<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Select **Kinematic Only**<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on the **Create Segment** button.<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>In the **RHal** tab, enter these values:\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Proximal Joint and Radius**\\    **Lateral:** //None//     **Joint:** //RFMH//     **Medial:** //None//     \\    **Radius:** //0.1//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Define Distal Joint and Radius**\\    **Lateral:** //None//     **Joint:** //RPM//     **Medial:** //None//     \\    **Radius:** //0.1//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Extra Target to Define Orientation**\\    **Location:** //Lateral//     //RHal_Vert//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>\\ \\ <HTML><p></HTML>   **Select Tracking Targets:**\\      //RHal_Vert//, //RFMH//, //RPM//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on **Build Model.**<HTML></li></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Click on **Close Tab** before proceeding.<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Seg_RHal.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/3/3d/IOR_Seg_RHal.png/275px-IOR_Seg_RHal.png?275x380|caption}}]]|\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ |**2. Modify the [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=Modify_Segment_Coordinate_System#Modify_Segment_Coordinate_System|Segment Coordinate System]]:**\\ \\ <HTML><ol></HTML>\\ <HTML><li></HTML>Define the Segment Orientation as:\\ \\ |<HTML><p></HTML>   **A/P Axis:** //-Z//\\    **Distal to Proximal:** //-X//\\ <HTML></p></HTML>||<HTML></li></HTML><HTML></ol></HTML>  |  [[web/20201001125255/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/index.php?title=File:IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png|{{/web/20201001125255im_/https://www.c-motion.com/v3dwiki/images/thumb/c/c8/IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png/275px-IOR_Seg_RHal_SCS.png?275x132|caption}}]]|\\ \\ The image to the right (and all other images in this tutorial) show a mediolateral view of the segment coordinate system after it has been modified.|
 ===== Metatarsus (Met) =====